Inventor of the telephone. Evolution of phones

A person constantly needs communication. For information exchange and just for fun. And it’s not enough for him to communicate with the people who are nearby. There will always be something to say even to those who are on the next street, in another city or overseas. It has always been this way. But it was only at the end of the nineteenth century that we had such an opportunity. In this article we will trace the history of the appearance of the telephone, find out who invented the telephone and what difficulties scientists faced.

Life without phones

Just some 200 years ago, people did not even know what telephones were.
Previously, whistles, gongs, ringing bells and drumming were used to transmit messages over a distance. However, all these methods were imperfect.

By the way, in order to transmit the signal as far as possible, it was necessary to create intermediate points at which people were on duty. In this case, the sound came to the recipient through a chain. We all understand that this was a very long process. Of course, it was possible to solve this problem, for example, transmit information through water and metal. In this case, the signal would travel faster and fade out much later. But for some reason this was not done, at least everywhere.

Significance of the invention

What is the significance of the invention of the telephone? The emergence of communication has played a huge role for all humanity. The rapid exchange of information between people, countries and continents has significantly strengthened political, economic and cultural interstate relations.

Without telephony, it was impossible to imagine the effective development of all areas of the normal functioning of the state, from industry to agriculture. Communication has been of great importance in social processes. It was confidently included in the number of necessary conditions for the steady growth of the material well-being and culture of peoples, as well as the comprehensive development of each individual person.

Now you know when the telephone was invented. Nowadays, almost no person can do without having a mobile phone. And some 15-20 years ago, a regular landline telephone was in every home. In any case, the invention of communication devices in the 19th century played a huge role in the development of all mankind.

When was the telephone invented? The significance of the invention of the telephone on News4Auto.ru.

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Prerequisites for creating the first telephone set

When was the telephone invented and what contributed to it? In the old days, very primitive methods were used to transmit messages over distances. People transmitted information to each other using whistles, drums, gongs and smoke. The sound of a rifle shot can be heard at a distance of about 10 km. The audibility of the transmitted acoustic message was influenced by extraneous loud noises, distorting it.

Primitive methods of transmitting information had a big drawback in the form of sound dispersion over a distance. In order for the signal to spread as far as possible, it was necessary to organize intermediate points where someone needed to duplicate the received message. To some extent, the transfer of information through water or metal made it possible to find a way out of the situation. In these environments, sound travels much faster and is attenuated much less.

The invention of the electric telegraph and its successful application in practice in the first half of the 19th century provided a significant impetus for the appearance of the telephone.

Johann Philipp Reis

Built the first telephone in 1861.

Johann Philipp Reis, a self-taught German scientist, built the first voice transmitting telephone in 1861, which is now known as the Reis telephone.

He coined the term "telephone" to describe his device. It captures sound, converts it into electrical impulses, and transmits these impulses through electrical wires to another device, which converts the impulses into human-recognizable sounds.

To prove that the device could transmit acoustic sounds over long distances, Reis sent the difficult-to-understand German phrase "Das Pferd frisst keinen Gurkensalat" (The horse does not eat the cucumber salad).

The British telephone company Standard Telephones and Cables later discovered that Reis' device, built in the early 1860s, was capable of transmitting and reproducing good quality speech, but with poor efficiency.

Philip Reis died in 1874, and four years later European researchers dedicated a monument to him as the inventor of the telephone.

The appearance of the first telephone

Alexander Bell lived in Boston and worked with people with hearing and speech problems. In 1873 he became professor of physiology at Boston University. Due to his occupation, he was probably an expert in the field of acoustics and had excellent hearing.

The history of the first telephone created by Alexander Bell is thus connected with his work. Among the remarkable facts related to the invention of the device is the very effect of telephoning, discovered by the researcher with the direct assistance of his assistant. So, a specialist working with Bell once pulled out a plate from the transmitting device, which, as it seemed to Bell, was making some rattling noise. As the researcher later found out, this was due to the fact that the element periodically closed electrical contacts.

Based on the identified effect, Alexander Bell created a telephone set. It was designed very simply: like a membrane made of leather, equipped with a signal element to increase the sound volume. The device could only transmit the sound of a voice, but this, apparently, was enough to patent the device - Bell received the corresponding document recording the authorship of the invention on March 10, 1876.

The history of telephones is also interesting in terms of their commercial use. A few days later, the inventor modified the telephone so that it could transmit clearly audible individual words. Alexander Bell later showed his device to the business community. The device made an incredible impression on business people. The American inventor soon registered his company, which subsequently became prosperous.

Antonio Meucci

Built an early voice communication device in 1854.

Antonio Meucci is best known for developing telephone-like devices. In 1854, he invented an early voice communication device called the telettrofono.

He claimed to have built a paired electromagnetic receiver and transmitter, although this was not mentioned in his 1871 patent clause (notice of intent to invent; not a formal patent application).

Credit for the early invention of the inductive load of telephone wires (to amplify signals over long distances) was given to Meucci. But due to weak business abilities and lack of knowledge of the English language, he was unable to commercialize his invention in America.

"If Meucci had been able to pay $10 to maintain the clause after 1874, Bell would have failed to issue the patent."

In 2008, the Italian Ministry of Cultural Heritage and Activities celebrated Meucci's 200th birthday by naming him "Inventore del telefono" (inventor of the telephone).

Who invented the very first telephone?

Almost all modern textbooks and encyclopedias name the American Alexander Bell as the inventor of the telephone. However, this is not entirely true: Bell turned out to be just the person who was the first to patent the telephone, and this happened in 1876.

The real inventor is Antonio Meucci, born in Florence, Italy, who later moved overseas and settled in the United States. He founded the world's first factory producing paraffin candles, but later became interested in the idea of transmitting sounds over long distances.

His work progressed successfully, and already in 1860 the inventor showed the public a device that he called a telectrophon. It used the principle of converting sound vibrations into electromagnetic waves and vice versa, which subsequently formed the basis of all telephone sets.

Unfortunately, soon after the demonstration of the new invention, an accident occurred, and the designer took to bed for a long time. During this time, his factory went bankrupt, and in order to somehow survive, his wife had to sell some of the devices made by Meucci, including the telephony. Later he was able to restore his invention and in 1871 tried to obtain a patent for it.

However, due to extreme poverty, Meucci was unable to pay for the services of the patent office. He soon died in poverty and obscurity. Only in 2002 was justice restored. As a result, the US Congress recognized Italian emigrant Antonio Meucci as the inventor of the telephone.

Antonio Meucci: pioneer of telephone communication

In 1860, an inventor and scientist from Italy created a device capable of transmitting sound through wires. When answering the question of what year the telephone was invented, you can safely name this date, since the true discoverer is Antonio Meucci. He called his “brainchild” a telephony. At the time of his discovery, the scientist lived in the United States of America; he was already old and in a very deplorable financial situation. Soon, a large American company became interested in the development of an unknown scientist.

Representatives of the company offered the scientist a substantial sum for all the drawings and developments, and also promised to provide assistance in filing a patent. The difficult financial situation forced the talented inventor to sell all the material from his research. The scientist waited a long time for help from the company, however, having lost patience, he himself applied for a patent. His request was not granted, and the real blow for him was the message about the great invention of Alexander Bell.

Meucci tried to defend his rights in court, but he did not have enough funds to fight a large company. The Italian inventor managed to win the right to a patent only in 1887, by the time its validity expired. Meucci was never able to take advantage of the rights to his invention and died in obscurity and poverty. Recognition came to the Italian inventor only in 2002. According to a resolution of the US Congress, he was the person who invented the first telephone.

Innocenzo Manzetti

He was reported to have invented the talking telegraph in 1864.

Innocenzo Manzetti first introduced the idea of a "talking telegraph" in 1843. However, he did not come up with a single working prototype until 1864.

In 1865, he built an electric telephone that could reproduce loud vowels and music in good quality. However, it was neither patented nor presented at any conference by Manzetti himself.

Although the Parisian newspaper Le Petit Journal described the device in a brief article, at the time there were no historical records of British companies introducing the Manzetti telephone in any region.

Philip Reis

In 1861, German physicist and inventor Johann Philipp Reis demonstrated another device that could also transmit musical tones and human speech over wires. The device had a microphone of an original design, a power source (galvanic battery, or “local battery” MB) and a speaker. Reis himself named the device he designed Telephone.

Elisha Gray

Developed the telephone using a water microphone in 1876.

Elisha Gray was an American electrical engineer. He was best known for developing a telephone prototype that used a metal rod immersed in an acid mixture (or any other liquid conductor).

Electrical resistance can be controlled by changing the proportion of the rod immersed in the mixture. This allowed Gray to change the current passing through the instrument and to the receiver.

On February 14, 1876, Gray's lawyer filed a patent application with the US Patent Office. And it turned out to be one of the most controversial patents in history. Some authors claim that Alexander Graham Bell stole the idea of a liquid transmitter from Elisha Gray.

Thomas Edison

Carbon microphone invented for receiving strong telephone signal

In 1876, Thomas Alva Edison developed a carbon microphone to improve upon the transmitters developed by Graham Bell and Philip Reis.

It contained two metal plates insulated with carbon granules. These granules change resistance depending on the pressure of the sound waves. When a direct current passes between the plates through the granules, the varying resistance creates an alternating current, which further produces a varying sound wave pressure.

Because carbon microphones could generate high-level audio signals at very low DC voltage, without any additional amplification, they were widely used in telephones, along with the Bell receiver, from 1890 to the 1980s.

According to Edison,
The first inventor of the telephone was Philip Reis, but his device could only transmit music (not speech). The first person to publicly demonstrate a telephone to transmit an eloquent speech was Graham Bell.
The first commercial telephone (which could transmit intelligible speech) was invented by him alone. His invention is used for transmission, while Bell's is used for receiving.

Alexander Bell

The first experience with transmitting sound through wires in the practice of Alexander Bell.
June 2, 1875. Approximate diagram. For a long time, Alexander Bell worked on the creation of a multiplex telegraph, and during the experiments he came up with the idea of creating a telephone. On June 2, 1875, he heard a faint echo coming from a telegraph receiver, and this event prompted him to work on creating a telephone.

He ordered his assistant Thomas Watson to make an apparatus for transmitting sound, and the next day a prototype telephone was ready. The device, tested on June 3, 1875, worked very poorly and could not serve for stable communication. Thomas Watson called the phone a “bitter disappointment,” and communications historians and collectors nicknamed it the gallows for its distinctive shape.

Gallows telephone, June 3, 1875. Replica. Exhibit of the Telephone History Museum.

Nevertheless, the experiments continued. Alexander Bell's attorney filed an application with the Patent Office for his invention on February 14, 1876. On the same day, the inventor's attorney, Elisha Gray of Chicago, filed a provisional application for "An Apparatus for Transmitting and Receiving Vocal Sounds by Telegraphic Method." On this occasion, there were numerous disputes about who first invented the telephone.

On March 7, 1876, Alexander Bell received a patent for the invention of the telephone. This patent would later be called “the most expensive patent in history.” On March 10, 1876, Alexander Bell and his assistant Thomas Watson successfully tested a telephone.

On June 25, 1876, Alexander Bell demonstrated his telephone for the first time at the first World Electrical Exhibition in Philadelphia. He received the attention of the Brazilian emperor Dom Pedro and the great English physicist Lord Kelvin (William Thomson).

Amos Emerson Dolbear

Professor Dolbear also experimented with transmitting sound through wires. After the Philadelphia Exhibition, Mr. Percival D. Richards asked him to participate in Bell's experiments.

Liquid transmitter, patented March 7, 1876 and first tested March 10, 1876. Replica. Exhibit of the Telephone History Museum.

Even then he used permanent magnets in his devices. As for Bell, his liquid transmitter of 1876 could only serve for fun, because even at a short distance it transmitted only subtle sounds. When Emerson came to Harvard Observatory to test Bell's device, he persuaded him to add an electromagnet to increase the vibration of the membrane. Professor Dolbear wrote in his diary that before this, Bell’s apparatus had a battery of 15 Grove elements, and Alexander Bell began to remove one element after another. The device continued to operate, and when it continued to operate with power from only one element, Alexander Bell began to dance, declaring that he now knew how to make telephones.

On January 15, 1877, Alexander Bell's representative applied for a patent for a new telephone that could operate without a battery, and on January 30, 1877, U.S. Patent No. 186,787 was issued. Emerson was outraged that his device had been patented without his knowledge and demanded an explanation. But he did not receive any explanations, and became one of Bell’s opponents.

Motorola DynaTAC 8000X (6) Motorola MicroTAC 9800X (8)

Full-fledged cellular communications in the form in which we know it came to Russia in 1991. Data transmission was carried out via the Nordic Mobile Telephony (NMT) standard, and the most popular phones were Finnish Nokia (7). In terms of their technical characteristics, they were inferior to Motorolas - they weighed about 3 kilograms. The price was also steep - with connection, the device cost $4,000, and a minute of conversation cost $1.

By this time, the Motorola MicroTAC 9800X (8) had already been released overseas, a phone with a flip cover that fit in the palm of your hand.

Finnish Nokia (7)

Who invented the dial telephone

It is already known who and when invented the telephone. But what was he like? It didn't have a dialer. After the mass distribution of the device, the profession of a telephone operator or telephone operator appeared - a person whose job was to switch two subscribers at a telephone exchange.

Telephone sets at that time could be found in various institutions. There weren't any in an ordinary house. The devices were installed in remote rural areas and industrial enterprises. This continued until 1892. Who invented the first dial telephone? This man was Almon Brown Strowger, an American resident and owner of a funeral home. He received a patent for the invention a year earlier.

Strowger's business wasn't going well. He had a competitor whose wife worked as a telephone operator. When it was necessary to contact the funeral home, the woman connected clients with her husband. Because of this, Strowger was on the verge of collapse. Almon didn't know what to do, and suddenly the idea of a direct-connect device came to him. The first prototypes did not have special holes for the fingers. The cloves were arranged in a circle. Already at the beginning of the 20th century, the Automatic Electric Company, created by Strowger, released the familiar automatic telephone exchange with a rotary dialer.

The device was distinguished by pulse dialing, which generated an impedance pulse corresponding to the selected number. The last model produced by Strowger was in 1907. After this, the company stopped developing, but then it was bought out by Bell Systems.

The Bell company did not immediately begin to produce its own devices with a disk dial. It wasn't until 1919 that the world saw dial phones from Bell.

Telephony development

The first telephones had a range of only 500 meters, they did not have a ringer, and calls had to be made using a whistle. After introducing a carbon microphone and telecoil into the phone, the range of the device increased significantly.

The first telephone exchanges could not connect subscribers directly. In order to “call”, you had to pick up the phone and start turning the lever. After connecting with the telephone operator, she was told the subscriber's number, she plugged the plug into the socket, and only after that the conversation began.

Direct calls have become possible since the 20s of the last century, although an automatic switchboard capable of replacing the work of telephone operators was proposed back in 1887 by the Russian scientist K.A. Mosticki.

Now we are accustomed to 7-digit numbers and international telephone codes. And the first telephone numbers consisted of only 2-3 digits.

In 1927 it was already possible to call from New York to London. Telephone networks began to actively cover the globe.

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By leaps and bounds towards modernity

The inventive world did not stop there. Having received a telephone at home, people wanted to use a modern means of communication on the street, in transport, and communicate on the way to work or home.

Such communication, not tied to the premises, was initially available only to special services - walkie-talkies under the nickname “walkie-talkie”, or “walk and talk”, became a tempting idea for ordinary users. Knowing the secrets of the device, the craftsmen tried to connect the devices to the line using such radio communication. So in the 80s, radiotelephones appeared that operated at a distance of up to 300 meters.

But the main advantage of recent years has undoubtedly been cellular communications, which operate on a signal moving from one station to another.

The modern “honeycomb” appeared in 1973. Their firstborn worked without recharging for no more than 20 minutes and was the size of a brick and weighed as much as 794 grams!

These are our modern “mobile phones” now, small and compact, capable of taking photographs, sending mail and messages, playing music and even thinking for their owner! They have become real helpers for children and their parents - you can always call and find out how they are doing!

This is interesting! Singapore resident En Yang can write SMS the fastest - he needs a little more than 40 seconds for a message of 160 characters to appear!

Radiotelephone

Thanks to radio communications, telephone sets operating on the basis of radio waves began to be produced. Thus, subscribers were able to walk around their apartment or office with a handset without wires, freely communicating with their interlocutors.

A cordless telephone usually consists of a base, which is connected to the telephone line and power supply, and a handset.

And although the cost of cordless phones has always been higher than conventional stationary devices, they quickly became very popular among people. At first, only wealthy subscribers could afford them. In the countries of the post-Soviet space, radiotelephones became widespread only at the end of the 20th century.

Pioneer of the mobile era

Motorola can hardly be called a leader in the mobile phone market. However, it was this company that released the very first mobile phone in the world. It was a Motorola DynaTAC 8000X model.

The release took place in 1983. Its first development was presented 10 years before this historical moment.

In the US, the story of 1973 is told as a legend. It was then that inventor Martin Cooper, walking around Manhattan, defiantly made a call on the mobile phone he had created. Witnesses to this spectacle questioned the adequacy of Cooper's condition, mistaking him for being overly drunk or sick.

What characteristics did the device have:

The phone's memory stored up to 30 numbers;
The weight of the first mobile phone was 1 kg;
a fully charged battery provided 1 hour of operation;
the cost of such a phone was $3,995 (it’s worth noting that this was the price of a good car in those days).

The modern generation, reading this, will smile sarcastically, but such an achievement was not just a breakthrough, but also the first step towards today's successes in this area.

The first cell phone: what is it?

The first call from a DynaTAC portable device was made in April 1973. It is difficult to call such a cell phone a pocket one. Its weight was 1.5 kg and its size was 22.5 x 12.5 x 3.75 cm.

There was no display, there were only 10 keys with numbers, as well as 2 more keys: call and end call. Performance - 8 hours of standby time, and no more than an hour of talk time. It took about 10 hours to recharge the first device.

How did the mobile phone change?

In the 10 years after the invention of the prototype, 10 different versions of the “progenitor” of the modern smartphone appeared. The results of research and development were the creation in 1984 of a new model of the “proto-phone” from Motorola - DynaTAC 8000X , costing $3,995. A little later, in 1989, MicroTAC appeared, a more compact device with a flip. The microphone is now placed on the opening lid.

Then the concept itself began to change: a mobile phone ceased to be an intercom and became a pocket accessory with many additional functions. So, in 1993, a clock appeared in the device. Already in 1996, the world learned about the first “clamshell” Motorola StarTAC . In the same year, rival company Siemens began working on the first S10 with a color display. The achievement was the presence of three colors and eight shades, as well as the appearance of a new function - a voice recorder. In 1996, Nokia Communicator - a device that combines the functions of telephone, fax and e-mail.

The device gradually became “smart”. In 1997, a high-performance phone appeared - Philips Spark , which could work up to 350 hours. A year later, Sharp Corporation invented the touchscreen mobile phone. In 1998, developers began to worry about the fragility of the device, so they released the Siemens S10 Active , presenting a protected case. In 1999, a phone with support for two SIM cards appeared.

The year of great discoveries was 2000. Now the device has a GPS receiver, MP3 player, polyphony, built-in camera, and memory card support. Further, the development process only accelerated.

Creation of revolutionary models:

2002 - Nokia 7650 with support for MMS, java, wav;
Motorola RAZR V3 super-thin body , as well as the first phone with fingerprint recognition - Pantech GI100 ;
2006 - ultra-thin Samsung X820 Ultra with a body thickness of 6.9 mm;
2007 - Samsung W2400 with AMOLED screen, dual slider Nokia N95 ; dual camera in Samsung SCH-B710 , the first Apple iPhone ;
2008 - HTC Dream , slider with horizontal opening and QWERTY keyboard;
2009 - first phone with wireless charging Palm Pre ;
2011 - a smartphone with a dual-core LG Optimus 2X P990 , as well as a Samsung Galaxy Note - a phone with a large display (5.3 inches);
2013 - the first curved screen in the Samsung Galaxy Round ;
2016 - Xiaomi Mi Mix , a smartphone with thin frames, which ushered in the “bezel-less” fashion.

And these are not all new items.

First flip phone

Motorola StarTAC is the very first phone in a folding form factor. It was released in 1996 and proved incredibly successful, selling 60 million copies worldwide. Unlike the “bricks” considered, this mobile phone was small in size and weighed only 90 grams, but cost about $1,000. However, many were willing to pay that kind of money for the opportunity to own such a stylish device.

Who invented the touch phone

The great-grandfather of the famous iPhone is considered to be IBM Simon, released in 1994. It was the world's first touchphone. “Simon” cost a lot - $1090. But it was no longer just a phone. It combined the qualities of a telephone and a computer, and it could also be used as a pager or fax. It was equipped with a calculator, calendar, notepad, task list, a couple of games and even an email agent.

The device had a monochrome display with a resolution of 160×293 pixels and a diagonal of 4.7 inches. Instead of the usual keys, a virtual keyboard has appeared. The battery lasted for an hour of talk time or 12 hours of standby time.

The too high price did not allow the model to become popular among users, but it was “Simon” that went down in history as the first touchphone .

In 2000, the world saw the first phone officially called a smartphone - the Ericsson R380. The R380's touchscreen was hidden under a hinged cover with regular buttons. The screen was monochrome, with a diagonal of 3.5 inches and a resolution of 120x360.

The smartphone was based on the new Symbian OS for mobile devices. The R380 supported WAP, a browser, notepad, email client, and games were installed.

In 2007, IBM released the first phone whose sensor responded to the touch of a finger rather than a stylus. It was LG KE850 Prada. This model is also remembered for its unusual design and wide functionality.

In the same year, Apple introduced its famous iPhone to the general public.

First smartphone

Contrary to expectations, the world's first smartphone was not released by Apple - its iPhone came out in 2007, and the history of smart phones began in 1996 with the release of the IBM Simon model. It was a really smart device for those times - a huge touch screen with a stylus, fax and email support, a built-in notepad and calculator, and, like the Motorola flip phone, it cost $1,000. But no one was interested in smartphones at that time, and only Apple was able to attract attention to them after 11 long years.

First iPhone

As mentioned above, the first Apple iPhone came out in 2007 and revolutionized the mobile device market. Nobody wanted to use push-button phones anymore, everyone began to dream of a mobile phone with a touchscreen, and soon devices of this kind forced push-button dialers out of the market once and for all. Apple still produces smartphones, and its collection already includes more than 10 models. A new iPhone is released every year.

Sources

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Sources of information used

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Alexander Graham Bell

Awarded the first US patent for the invention of the practical telephone in 1876.

Alexander Graham Bell's experiments with hearing aids eventually led to him receiving the first patent for the telephone on March 7, 1876. He received US Patent 174,465 for a device that transmits voice or other sounds by telegraph.

Three days after the patent was approved, Bell used the machine in Boston to call his assistant, who was in another room. He said, “Mr. Watson, come here. I want to see you". A few moments later, Watson appeared next to him and confirmed that the invention had worked.

Both Graham Bell and Elisha Gray filed independent applications with the patent office in Washington on February 14, 1876. Bell applied for a telephone patent, while Gray applied for a telephone reservation.

After Bell received the patent, he tested Gray's liquid transmitter design, but only as a proof of concept experiment. He wanted to see if articulate speech could be transmitted electrically.

But since the liquid transmitter was not suitable for commercial devices, Bell later focused on developing better electromagnetic telephones. After March 1876, he never used Gray's transmitter design in commercial products or public demonstrations.

Tivadar Puskas

Proposed a telephone switching station in 1876.

Tivadar Puskas was working on his idea for an electric telegraph station when Graham Bell received the first patent for the telephone. This forced Puskas to reconsider his work.

He contacted Thomas Edison and began to perfect his scheme for developing a telephone exchange. According to Edison, Puskas was the first to come up with the idea of creating a telephone exchange.

The first experimental telephone exchange based on Puskas's idea was built by the Bell Telephone Company in Boston in 1877. A decade later, he introduced the multiplex switch, which accelerated the development of the telephone exchange.

Source

Problems [edit | edit code]

Telephone hooliganism and fraud [edit | edit code ]

The main goal of telephone hooliganism is, through banter and provocation (trolling), to provoke a strong response from the interlocutor - usually hysteria or rage. There are many ways of telephone hooliganism - “hard” (bringing the interlocutor to anger or hysteria), “light” (a joke with the interlocutor or a heart-to-heart conversation), “radio prank” (pranking live presenters), “technoprank” (by competently cutting various voices and merging them into one, and sometimes the one who said the phrases was the very victim), “conference” (connecting two or more victims into a conference call), “prankmix” (overlaying phrases of pranksters on someone else’s music or music written by them), “silent” (frequent calls and persistent silence on the phone) and more. It may also include information about deliberately false extreme situations (terrorist attack), a request to do something (transfer so much money to the caller at such and such a number, and the reasons will be explained later, and so on). According to Article 20.1 of the Code of Administrative Offenses of the Russian Federation, such behavior is considered petty hooliganism and is punishable by arrest for up to fifteen days or an administrative fine in the amount of five to fifteen times the minimum wage. Reporting a false terrorist attack is punishable more seriously (under Article 207 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation [10]) and is no longer considered petty hooliganism, but it occurs less frequently. However, in reality, services rarely take on such cases, since in this case there is no corpus delicti. The most effective option is to install a cassette tape for recording conversations and Caller ID (automatic number identification) in case of a call on a landline phone and use it to identify the owner. In the case of a mobile phone, you can only get by with sound recording equipment, but this method is less effective due to the fact that the owner, after making a conversation, can replace the SIM card used in the conversation with a new one, and the phone will be impossible to identify. In addition, an attacker, if skillful, can make a call from someone else's phone, as a result of which an innocent person may be accused. In addition, even if the person is well known to the victim of the prank, she will not necessarily be able to recognize him by his voice due to the presence in the present of many programs that distort the caller’s voice, and some distortion of the voice already during the voice transmission itself, even if the voice is not deliberately distorted. As a result, an innocent person may also be charged. For frequent but not persistent calls, turning off the phone for a short time helps, but for persistent calls there is no effective method. In other words, there is no effective remedy for prank and telephone fraud to this day.

Telephone advertising and spam [edit | edit code ]

Recently in the Russian Federation there have been increasing cases of imposing paid advertising services, free legal advice, dental services, water meter verifications on subscribers, as well as all sorts of sociological surveys that irritate subscribers and they associate calls with the same fraud with the aim of stealing personal data of subscribers, as well as withdrawal water meters out of order.

Echo in the tube [edit | edit code ]

When using a mobile or cell phone, an echo may occur that somewhat interferes with the conversation, but it does not arise due to the situation of the speaker or interlocutor giving the echo, but due to the fact that on the other side the voice returns through the microphone, and not always quickly (delay associated with digital signal processing), which is why the echo occurs. However, this does not happen in a normal wired connection, since the echo returns after a few milliseconds and merges with the speech. Most often, echoes are dealt with using special algorithms that remember spoken sounds, look for them in the response voice, and subtract them from it when found. However, such algorithms are not available on all phones and do not always work well [11] [ not in the source

] .