Performance controller for the new 4 cores - Apple A10 Fusion

I don’t think that the technical specifications for the development of the next mobile system-on-a-chip included a requirement to beat multi-core competitors in benchmarks. The main goal was still the same: to make the next smart phone and tablet the best in the world. We wanted the best, it turned out as always. Formally, the new A-chip used a 4-core processor. And amazing stories about 2-core processors superior to 6-, 8- and even 10-core competitors' CPUs seem to be a thing of the past. But the world is more complicated than it seems.

Losing is unpleasant, especially if the prize fund is billions of dollars, while there are still millions of mobile adventurers in the accounts. And those who lose often behave unworthily. They claim that everything is a set-up. That by creating a processor for one or two specific devices it is not difficult to achieve killer advantages (and who forbade them to do the same if it was not difficult?)

“Victory gives birth to hatred, the defeated lives in sorrow,” an unknown author wrote in the sacred book of Buddhists back in the 6th century BC.

And he offered a solution: just give up the fight, both victory and defeat at once - and you will be happy.

Apple was accused of being old-fashioned, of not using fashionable, progressive technologies, or of starting to use them when they are about to become obsolete. It's a strange company: it produces beautifully designed junk, it's expensive, it decides for those who spend money what and in what form they should buy - and is a leader in the industry. Magic?

In the Middle Ages, Apple's leadership would have simply been burned long ago.

The processor in the Apple A10 Fusion, being a 4-core one, behaved like a 2-core one in tests and in real life. And it still left behind 6- and 8-core rivals. And the disgustingly pleased Phil Schiller limited himself, as always, to a minimum of information.

And the architecture used in the Apple A10 Fusion was destined to remain the peak of fashion for less than a year. ARM Holdings introduced the big.LITTLE architecture in October 2011. In October 2012, ARM announced the first practical implementation of these ideas. At the end of 2013 big.LITTLE became a reality. In 2016, it was “old news,” the technology had fermented and matured—and now magicians from central California took notice.

Or, rather, they considered it appropriate to use it for their own purposes. Be that as it may, the Apple A10 Fusion replaced the Apple A9, a system-on-a-chip still present in the top but pushed out of the top places, and Apple again found itself in the lead.

And six months after the release of the Apple A10 Fusion, in May 2022, ARM introduced the successor to big.LITTLE, the DynamIQ architecture.

This is a continuation of the series about processors from Apple. Previous parts:

First part: In the shadow of Apple A4; Part two: The birth of the “Apple” processor; Third part: Returning to the beginning: Apple A6/A6X (Swift); Part four: Cyclone replaces Swift (in Apple A7); Fifth part: Another “NeXT”, or fitness coprocessor (Apple M7); Sixth part: Cyclone turns into Typhoon (Apple A8); Part seven: Apple S1: a mystery wrapped in a secret; Eighth part: Apple A8X: Graphics in the area of ​​special attention; Ninth part: Apple A9 – a deceiver, a scoundrel and a chipgate; Tenth part: Apple A9X: Nuclear physics?.

About the processor

As Apple's first quad-core SoC, it features two high-performance cores designed for demanding tasks such as gaming, as well as two power-efficient 64-bit Apple cores codenamed Zephyr for general tasks in a configuration similar to ARM's big.LITTLE technologies. The postscript “Fusion” says just that.

However, unlike most big.LITTLE implementations, such as the Snapdragon 820 or Exynos 8890, only one type of core can be active at a time, either high-power or low-power cores, but not both. Thus, the A10 Fusion appears to be a dual-core chip by software and benchmarks.

Apple claims that the high-performance cores are 40% faster than the previous Apple A9 processor, and that the two high-performance cores consume 20% of the power of the Hurricane's high-performance cores, used when performing simple tasks such as checking email. The new performance controller decides in real time which pair of cores should run on a given task to optimize performance or battery life.

The new 6-core GPU built into the A10 chip is 50% faster while consuming 66% of the power of its predecessor A9. The A10 has an M10 motion coprocessor built into it. The chip also includes a new image processor, which Apple says has twice the bandwidth of the previous image processor. A10 Fusion adds hardware encoding for HEIF and HEVC.

Antutu rating

Apple A10 Fusion scores about 225,000 points in the Antutu rating. For comparison, the A9 scores approximately 175,000 conventional units on average.

Main features of A10

• Increasing the number of physical cores by two.
• Preservation of the old 16-nanometer production process.
• Larger crystal size of A10 compared to .

Photo: Comparison of Apple A10 characteristics and parameters of other microprocessors.
The refusal to move to 14 nanometers was most likely due to large production volumes, which would have been too complicated by the transition to a more recent technology. However, maintaining the established production scheme allowed the company to devote more time to optimization, both of finished products and of the chip itself and its architecture.

Specifications

CPU

Base frequency – 2x 2.39 GHz (Hurricane) + 2x 1.1 GHz (Zephy) Number of cores – 4

GPU

Accelerator model – PowerVR Series 7XT GT7600 Plus 650 MHz Number of cores – 6

RAM

Type of RAM – LP-DDR4 1600 MHz Amount of RAM – 2 GB

Other

Technological process – 16 nm Number of transistors – 3.3 billion Instruction set – ARMv8-A Crystal area – 125 mm^2 Bluetooth version – 4.2 Wi-Fi version – 5 5G support – no

Performance A10

This is where Apple made a big leap forward compared to the A9. The 40% jump in performance compared to its predecessor is amazing.

Of course, this was achieved largely by adding two more physical processor cores, but the improved architecture, as well as higher frequencies (a quarter higher than its predecessor) made a significant contribution.

By the way, a significant increase in core frequency (up to 2.33 gigahertz) with the same technical process became possible due to an increase in the voltage on the chip and an improved heat dissipation system.

Devices running on Apple A10

• iPhone 7 - since September 2016
• iPhone 7 Plus - since September 2016 - 3 GB

• iPad 2018 - from March 2022
• iPad 2019 - from September 2022 - 3 GB

• iPod Touch 7th generation - from May 2022 - artificially lowered to 1.64 GHz

—> Next Apple A11 chip —> —> Improved Apple A10X chip —> <— Previous Apple A9 and Apple A9X chips <—

All Apple A-series chips

Where to repair Macbook, iMac and iPhone

Checklist for choosing a reliable service center for repairing Apple equipment

Prices

Fair, not overpriced and not underestimated. There should be prices on the Service website. Necessarily! without asterisks, clear and detailed, where technically possible - as accurate and conclusive as possible.

Deadlines

If spare parts are available, up to 85% of complex repairs can be completed in 1-2 days. Modular repairs require much less time. The website shows the approximate duration of any repair.

Warranty and responsibility

A guarantee must be given for any repairs. Everything is described on the website and in the documents. The guarantee is self-confidence and respect for you. A 3-6 month warranty is good and sufficient. It is needed to check quality and hidden defects that cannot be detected immediately. You see honest and realistic terms (not 3 years), you can be sure that they will help you.

Stock

Half the success in Apple repair is the quality and reliability of spare parts, so a good service works with suppliers directly, there are always several reliable channels and your own warehouse with proven spare parts for current models, so you don’t have to waste extra time.

Free diagnostics

This is very important and has already become a rule of good manners for the service center. Diagnostics is the most difficult and important part of the repair, but you don't have to pay a penny for it, even if you don't repair the device based on its results.

Service repairs and delivery

A good service values ​​your time, so it offers free delivery. And for the same reason, repairs are carried out only in the workshop of a service center: they can be done correctly and according to technology only in a prepared place.

Convenient schedule

If the Service works for you, and not for itself, then it is always open! absolutely. The schedule should be convenient to fit in before and after work. Good service works on weekends and holidays. We are waiting for you and working on your devices every day: 9:00 - 21:00

The reputation of professionals consists of several points

Company age and experience

Reliable and experienced service has been known for a long time. If a company has been on the market for many years and has managed to establish itself as an expert, people turn to it, write about it, and recommend it. We know what we are talking about, since 98% of incoming devices in the service center are restored. Other service centers trust us and refer complex cases to us.

How many masters in areas

If there are always several engineers waiting for you for each type of equipment, you can be sure: 1. there will be no queue (or it will be minimal) - your device will be taken care of right away. 2. you give your Macbook for repair to an expert in the field of Mac repairs. He knows all the secrets of these devices

Technical literacy

If you ask a question, a specialist should answer it as accurately as possible. So that you can imagine what exactly you need. They will try to solve the problem. In most cases, from the description you can understand what happened and how to fix the problem.

Openness of the service is the key to mutual trust and cooperation

Social media

If they are trying to organize a convenient service for you, you will definitely find the company on VK, Facebook, Instagram, and of course, on the Youtube channel. Here you can always, in an informal setting, look at the life of the service from the inside, evaluate examples of repairs, and communicate with specialists live. It’s convenient, and now you simply can’t live without social networks

Faces of the company

Apple's seasoned experts and engineers are superheroes, but they don't wear masks. On the website and on social networks you can always see who you are going to, see photos and learn a little about the engineers and service managers. You can write to each of them, suggest or clarify something with someone with whom you have already communicated.

Reviews

You can understand a lot from reviews if you treat them correctly. The overall assessment of the service should be positive and high. But the rating cannot be maximum. Reviews can be both positive and negative, the main thing is that they respond to them, communicate, make decisions, help, that is, treat them like a human being.

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Processor iPhone 11 SE (2020)

The iPhone 11, as well as the iPhone 11 Pro, Pro Max and SE (2020), uses the 64-bit 6-core ARM Apple A13 Bionic processor, introduced in 2022.

Apple A11 how many cores and what performance

Apple has been developing all its processors independently for a long time. Yes, it takes ARM technologies and ARMv8-A instruction sets as a basis, but it determines the chip architecture and set of coprocessors itself, scrupulously adjusting the hardware features to the operating system tools and vice versa, adding software to the capabilities of a particular chip. That’s why Apple smartphones have historically higher performance both in tests and in real-life situations, despite the smaller number of cores and lower frequencies relative to competitors. Apple chips don’t need 10 cores and don’t need a core frequency of 3 GHz, they can beat everyone anyway!

The new Apple A11 chip introduced a number of new technologies that directly affected the performance of the processor and devices on it. Let's focus on three of them:

Apple A11 10nm process technology

A11 is made according to modern 10nm design standards. The production was handled by Taiwanese TSMC, just like last time. Before TSMC, Apple chips were assembled at Samsung microprocessor factories, but a switch occurred last year. The decision is political, since Samsung is Apple's main competitor in most markets. Thanks to the transition to a thinner technical process, the new Apple chip fits a record number of transistors - 4.3 billion! Last year's iPhone 7 installed the Apple A10 chip, so there are only 3.3 billion transistors: an increase of 30%! The number of transistors in competitive solutions (for example, Snapdragon 835) is not disclosed, so we can assume that there are actually fewer of them, otherwise Qualcom would not fail to show off his numbers.

Apple A11 - six-core

For the first time, an iPhone has a six-core processor! In June, new iPads were introduced with a six-core A10X chip, which allowed them to squeeze out an outrageous 236 thousand points from the Antutu test, and now a similar processor is used in the iPhone! Yes, the iPhone 8, the iPhone 8 Plus, and even the top-end iPhone X are all six-core! A significant step forward, which all competitors took a long time ago, and Tim Cook saved it for this moment. Moreover, the apple also has an 8-core and 10-core structure in reserve, that is, the company knows what to surprise in the next couple of years... But the important change is not in the banal increase in the number of cores, but in the transition to free distribution of the load on the cores and the ability to activate any number of them at any given time. That is, this is not the familiar big.LITTLE technology, in which the cores are divided into clusters and only one of the clusters can work at a time, but this is a completely different system for distributing the load across computing power, capable of lighting all 6 stones at the same time! To control the flows, a second-generation Apple-Designed performance controller developed by Apple is used; the overall performance promises to be simply sky-high, most likely even higher than that of the mentioned iPads. We will wait for 240-250 thousand. scores in the Antutu test, and there were already leaks with Geekbench results, where the iPhone 8 showed more than 9900 points in multi-core testing.

Apple A11 has its own GPU graphics coprocessor

This time Apple went further in customizing its chip and is now developing all its elements independently, including the graphics coprocessor. Previously, Apple was forced to use third-party graphics, choosing solutions from PowerVR and customizing it to its needs. In 2022, a dark day came for PowerVR: Apple abandoned their services by developing its own GPU, which is 30% faster than the PowerVR GT7X used in the Apple A10. If it works with the same level of performance as the graphics of the previous generation, it will spend half as much energy on it. The graphics chip has not yet acquired a big name, but it is known that it has only three cores and, apparently, the 10nm process technology is also used here, otherwise where would such impressive performance come from?

Processor iPhone XS, XR

The iPhone XS, as well as the iPhone XS Max and XR, uses Apple's 64-bit 6-core ARM A12 Bionic processor, introduced in 2022.